November
2025
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2025ApJ...993L..31Y
Authors
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Ye, Quanzhi
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Kelley, Michael S. P.
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Hsieh, Henry H.
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Bellm, Eric C.
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Chen, Tracy X.
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Dekany, Richard
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Drake, Andrew
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Groom, Steven L.
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Helou, George
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Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.
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Prince, Thomas A.
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Riddle, Reed
Abstract
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We report on the prediscovery observations and constraints of the new interstellar comet 3I/2025 N1 (ATLAS), made by the Zwicky Transient Facility, for the inbound leg of the comet out to a heliocentric distance of rh = 17 au, or approximately a year before its discovery. We find that 3I/ATLAS has been active inward of a heliocentric distance of at least rh = 6.5 au. The comet followed a brightening rate of ∝rh−3.8 , which is significantly steeper than that of the only other known interstellar comet, 2I/Borisov, and is more consistent with dynamically old long-period comets and short-period comets in the solar system. By measuring the brightening of the dust coma, we estimate that 3I had a dust production rate of Mḋ∼5kgs−1 in 2025 early May (rh ∼ 6 au), increasing to Mḋ∼30kgs−1 toward 2025 mid-July (rh ∼ 4 au) assuming 100 μm dust grains, in line with the more recent Hubble Space Telescope measurement made at rh = 3.8 au. Comparison with the prediscovery photometry by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite suggested that 3I started producing constant dust outflow probably around rh ∼ 9 au, coinciding with the turn-on distance of CO2 ice. We also conduct a deep search of 3I/ATLAS with multiple nights of data taken in 2024, when the comet was at rh = 13─17 au, and conclude that the comet was no brighter than 2─5 mag above the coma or bare-nucleus lightcurves. This suggests that the comet did not exhibit strong outbursts during these periods, consistent with 2I/Borisov as well as most long-period solar system comets.
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