LATIS: A Sample of IGM-selected Protoclusters and Protogroups at z ∼ 2.5

July 2025 • 2025ApJ...988...47N

Authors • Newman, Andrew B. • Qezlou, Mahdi • Rudie, Gwen C. • Chartab, Nima • Blanc, Guillermo A. • Kelson, Daniel D. • Bird, Simeon • Casey, Caitlin • Congiu, Enrico • Cucciati, Olga • Hung, Denise • Lemaux, Brian C. • Pérez, Victoria • Zavala, Jorge

Abstract • The Lyα Tomography IMACS Survey (LATIS) has produced large 3D maps of the intergalactic medium (IGM), providing a new window on the cosmic web at z ∼ 2.5. A key advantage of Lyα tomography is that it enables the discovery of overdense regions without the need to detect their galaxy members in spectroscopic surveys, circumventing possible selection biases. We use these maps to identify 37 IGM-selected overdensities as regions of strong and spatially coherent Lyα absorption. Simulations indicate that 85% of these are protoclusters, defined as the progenitors of z = 0 halos with mass M_desc > 10¹⁴M_⊙, and that nearly all of the rest are protogroups (10^13.5 < M_desc/M_⊙ < 10¹⁴). We estimate the masses and space densities of the IGM-selected overdensities and show they are in accordance with mock surveys. We investigate the LATIS counterparts of some previously reported protoclusters, including the proto-supercluster Hyperion. We identify a new component of Hyperion beyond its previously known extent. We show that the Lyα transmission of the galaxy density peaks within Hyperion is consistent with a simple physical model (the fluctuating Gunn─Peterson approximation), suggesting that active galactic nucleus feedback or other processes have not affected the large-scale gas ionization within this structure as a whole. The LATIS catalog represents an order-of-magnitude increase in the number of IGM-selected protogroups and protoclusters and will enable new investigations of the connections between galaxies and their large-scale environments at cosmic noon.

Links

• SIMBAD https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?querymethod=bib&simbo=on&submit=submit+bibcode&bibcode=2025ApJ...988...47N
• PDF https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ade0b2/pdf
• PREPRINT http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.10948
• DATA https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15200365
• ELECTR https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade0b2