TDCOSMO 2025: Cosmological constraints from strong lensing time delays

December 2025 • 2025A&A...704A..63T

Authors • Tdcosmo Collaboration • Birrer, Simon • Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth J. • Cappellari, Michele • Courbin, Frédéric • Dux, Frédéric • Fassnacht, Christopher D. • Frieman, Joshua A. • Galan, Aymeric • Gilman, Daniel • Huang, Xiang-Yu • Knabel, Shawn • Langeroodi, Danial • Lin, Huan • Millon, Martin • Morishita, Takahiro • Motta, Veronica • Mozumdar, Pritom • Paic, Eric • Shajib, Anowar J. • Sheu, William • Sluse, Dominique • Sonnenfeld, Alessandro • Spiniello, Chiara • Stiavelli, Massimo • Suyu, Sherry H. • Tan, Chin Yi • Treu, Tommaso • van de Vyvere, Lyne • Wang, Han • Wells, Patrick • Williams, Devon M. • Wong, Kenneth C.

Abstract • We present cosmological constraints from eight strongly lensed quasars (hereafter, the TDCOSMO-2025 sample). Building on previous work, our analysis incorporated new deflector stellar velocity dispersions measured from spectra obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the Keck Telescopes, and the Very Large Telescope (VLT), utilizing improved methods. We used integrated JWST stellar kinematics for five lenses, VLT-MUSE for 2, and resolved kinematics from Keck and JWST for RX J1131−1231. We also considered two samples of non-time-delay lenses: 11 from the Sloan Lens ACS (SLACS) sample with Keck-KCWI resolved kinematics; and four from the Strong Lenses in the Legacy Survey (SL2S) sample. We improved our analysis of line-of-sight effects, the surface brightness profile of the lens galaxies, and orbital anisotropy, and corrected for projection effects in the dynamics. Our uncertainties are maximally conservative by accounting for the mass-sheet degeneracy in the deflectors' mass density profiles. The analysis was blinded to prevent experimenter bias. Our primary result is based on the TDCOSMO-2025 sample, in combination with Ω_m constraints from the Pantheon+ Type Ia supernovae (SN) dataset. In the flat Λ cold dark matter (CDM), we find H₀ = 71.6^+3.9_−3.3 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹ H 0 = 71 . 6 − 3.3 + 3.9 km s − 1 Mpc − 1 . The SLACS and SL2S samples are in excellent agreement with the TDCOSMO-2025 sample, improving the precision on H₀ in flat ΛCDM to 4.6%. Using the Dark Energy Survey SN Year-5 dataset (DES-SN5YR) or DESI-DR2 baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) likelihoods instead of Pantheon+ yields very similar results. We also present constraints in the open ΛCDM, wCDM, w₀w_aCDM, and w_ϕCDM cosmologies. The TDCOSMO H₀ inference is robust and consistent across all presented cosmological models, and our cosmological constraints in them agree with those from the BAO and SN.

Links

• POSTSCRIPT https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555801/postscript
• PDF https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555801/pdf
• PREPRINT http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.03023
• DATA https://archive.stsci.edu/mastbibref.php?bibcode=2025A%26A...704A..63T
• ELECTR https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202555801