Planck-dust-allsky

Euclid: IV. The NISP Calibration Unit

May 2025 • 2025A&A...697A...4E

Authors • Euclid Collaboration • Hormuth, F. • Jahnke, K. • Schirmer, M. • Lee, C. G. -Y. • Scott, T. • Barbier, R. • Ferriol, S. • Gillard, W. • Grupp, F. • Holmes, R. • Holmes, W. • Kubik, B. • Macias-Perez, J. • Laurent, M. • Marpaud, J. • Marton, M. • Medinaceli, E. • Morgante, G. • Toledo-Moreo, R. • Trifoglio, M. • Rix, Hans-Walter • Secroun, A. • Seiffert, M. • Stassi, P. • Wachter, S. • Gutierrez, C. M. • Vescovi, C. • Amara, A. • Andreon, S. • Auricchio, N. • Baccigalupi, C. • Baldi, M. • Balestra, A. • Bardelli, S. • Battaglia, P. • Bender, R. • Bodendorf, C. • Bonino, D. • Branchini, E. • Brescia, M. • Brinchmann, J. • Camera, S. • Capobianco, V. • Carbone, C. • Cardone, V. F. • Carretero, J. • Casas, R. • Casas, S. • Castellano, M. • Castignani, G. • Cavuoti, S. • Cimatti, A. • Colodro-Conde, C. • Congedo, G. • Conselice, C. J. • Conversi, L. • Copin, Y. • Corcione, L. • Courbin, F. • Courtois, H. M. • Da Silva, A. • Degaudenzi, H. • De Lucia, G. • Dinis, J. • Douspis, M. • Dubath, F. • Ducret, F. • Dupac, X. • Dusini, S. • Fabricius, M. • Farina, M. • Farrens, S. • Faustini, F. • Fotopoulou, S. • Fourmanoit, N. • Frailis, M. • Franceschi, E. • Franzetti, P. • Fumana, M. • Galeotta, S. • Garilli, B. • George, K. • Gillis, B. • Giocoli, C. • Grazian, A. • Guzzo, L. • Haugan, S. V. H. • Hoekstra, H. • Hook, I. • Hornstrup, A. • Hudelot, P. • Jhabvala, M. • Keihänen, E. • Kermiche, S. • Kiessling, A. • Kilbinger, M. • Kitching, T. • Kohley, R. • Kümmel, M. • Kunz, M. • Kurki-Suonio, H. • Le Mignant, D. • Ligori, S. • Lilje, P. B. • Lindholm, V. • Lloro, I. • Mainetti, G. • Maiorano, E. • Mansutti, O. • Marcin, S. • Marggraf, O. • Markovic, K. • Martinelli, M. • Martinet, N. • Marulli, F. • Massey, R. • Maurogordato, S. • McCracken, H. J. • Mei, S. • Melchior, M. • Mellier, Y. • Meneghetti, M. • Merlin, E. • Meylan, G. • Mohr, J. J. • Moresco, M. • Morris, P. W. • Moscardini, L. • Munari, E. • Nakajima, R. • Neissner, C. • Nichol, R. C. • Niemi, S. -M. • Nightingale, J. W. • Padilla, C. • Paech, K. • Paltani, S. • Pasian, F. • Pedersen, K. • Percival, W. J. • Pettorino, V. • Pires, S. • Polenta, G. • Poncet, M. • Popa, L. A. • Raison, F. • Rebolo, R. • Renzi, A. • Rhodes, J. • Riccio, G. • Romelli, E. • Roncarelli, M. • Rossetti, E. • Rusholme, B. • Saglia, R. • Sakr, Z. • Sánchez, A. G. • Sapone, D. • Sartoris, B. • Sauvage, M. • Schewtschenko, J. A. • Schneider, P. • Schrabback, T. • Sefusatti, E. • Seidel, G. • Serrano, S. • Sirignano, C. • Sirri, G. • Smadja, G. • Stanco, L. • Steinwagner, J. • Tallada-Crespí, P. • Tavagnacco, D. • Taylor, A. N. • Teplitz, H. I. • Tereno, I. • Torradeflot, F. • Tutusaus, I. • Valenziano, L. • Vassallo, T. • Veropalumbo, A. • Wang, Y. • Weller, J. • Zacchei, A. • Zamorani, G. • Zerbi, F. M. • Zucca, E. • Biviano, A. • Bolzonella, M. • Boucaud, A. • Bozzo, E. • Burigana, C. • Calabrese, M. • Di Ferdinando, D. • Escartin Vigo, J. A. • Farinelli, R. • Gracia-Carpio, J. • Kazandjian, M. V. • Mauri, N. • Scottez, V. • Tenti, M. • Viel, M. • Wiesmann, M. • Akrami, Y. • Allevato, V. • Anselmi, S. • Aubourg, E. • Ballardini, M. • Bethermin, M. • Blanchard, A. • Blot, L. • Borgani, S. • Borlaff, A. S. • Borsato, E. • Bruton, S. • Cabanac, R. • Calabro, A. • Canas-Herrera, G. • Cappi, A. • Carvalho, C. S. • Casenove, P. • Castro, T. • Chambers, K. C. • Charles, Y. • Contarini, S. • Cooray, A. R. • Cucciati, O. • Davini, S. • De Caro, B. • de la Torre, S. • Desprez, G. • Díaz-Sánchez, A. • Diaz, J. J. • Di Domizio, S. • Dole, H. • Escoffier, S. • Ferrari, A. G. • Ferreira, P. G. • Ferrero, I. • Finelli, F. • Fontana, A. • Fornari, F. • Gabarra, L. • Ganga, K. • García-Bellido, J. • Gaztanaga, E. • Giacomini, F. • Gozaliasl, G. • Hall, A. • Hartley, W. G. • Hildebrandt, H. • Hjorth, J. • Huertas-Company, M. • Ilbert, O. • Jacobson, J. • Jimenez Muñoz, A. • Joudaki, S. • Kajava, J. J. E. • Kansal, V. • Karagiannis, D. • Kirkpatrick, C. C. • Laudisio, F. • Legrand, L. • Libet, G. • Loureiro, A. • Maggio, G. • Magliocchetti, M. • Mancini, C. • Mannucci, F. • Maoli, R. • Martins, C. J. A. P. • Matthew, S. • Maurin, L. • Metcalf, R. B. • Miluzio, M. • Moretti, C. • Nadathur, S. • Walton, Nicholas A. • Patrizii, L. • Pezzotta, A. • Pöntinen, M. • Popa, V. • Porciani, C. • Potter, D. • Risso, I. • Rocci, P. -F. • Rollins, R. P. • Sahlén, M. • Scarlata, C. • Schneider, A. • Schultheis, M. • Sereno, M. • Shulevski, A. • Silvestri, A. • Simon, P. • Spurio Mancini, A. • Stadel, J. • Tao, C. • Testera, G. • Teyssier, R. • Toft, S. • Tosi, S. • Troja, A. • Tucci, M. • Valieri, C. • Valiviita, J. • Vergani, D. • Verza, G. • Zalesky, L. • Archidiacono, M. • Atrio-Barandela, F. • Bouvard, T. • Caro, F. • Dimauro, P. • Fang, Y. • Ferguson, A. M. N. • Finoguenov, A. • Gasparetto, T. • Le Brun, A. M. C. • Le Graet, J. • Liaudat, T. I. • Montoro, A. • Murray, C. • Oguri, M. • Pagano, L. • Paoletti, D. • Sarpa, E. • Tanidis, K. • Vernizzi, F. • Viitanen, A. • Kovačić, I. • Lesgourgues, J. • Martín-Fleitas, J. • Mora, A.

Abstract • The near-infrared calibration unit (NI-CU) on board Euclid's Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) is the first astronomical calibration lamp based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to be operated in space. Euclid is a mission in ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 framework to explore the dark universe and provide a next-level characterisation of the nature of gravitation, dark matter, and dark energy. Calibrating photometric and spectrometric measurements of galaxies to better than 1.5% accuracy in a survey homogeneously mapping ~14 000 deg2 of extragalactic sky requires a very detailed characterisation of near-infrared (NIR) detector properties as well as constant monitoring of them in flight. To cover two of the main contributions – relative pixel-to-pixel sensitivity and non-linearity characteristics – and to support other calibration activities, NI-CU was designed to provide spatially approximately homogeneous (<12% variations) and temporally stable illumination (0.1–0.2% over 1200 s) over the NISP detector plane with minimal power consumption and energy dissipation. NI-CU covers the spectral range ~[900,I900] nm – at cryo-operating temperature – at five fixed independent wavelengths to capture wavelength-dependent behaviour of the detectors, with fluence over a dynamic range of ≳100 from ~15 ph s‑1 pixel‑1 to >1500 ph s‑1 pixel‑1. For this functionality, NI-CU is based on LEDs. We describe the rationale behind the decision and design process, the challenges in sourcing the right LEDs, and the qualification process and lessons learned. We also provide a description of the completed NI-CU, its capabilities, and performance as well as its limits. NI-CU has been integrated into NISP and the Euclid satellite, and since Euclid's launch in July 2023, it has started supporting survey operations.

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IPAC Authors
(alphabetical)

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Pat Morris

Senior Scientist


Ben Rusholme

Chief Engineer


Harry_teplitz

Harry Teplitz

Senior Scientist


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Yun Wang

Senior Scientist