Direct Evidence of Two-component Ejecta in Supernova 2016gkg from Nebular Spectroscopy

October 2020 • 2020ApJ...902..139K

Authors • Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo • Folatelli, Gastón • Maeda, Keiichi • Dessart, Luc • Jerkstrand, Anders • Anderson, Joseph P. • Aoki, Kentaro • Bersten, Melina C. • Ferrari, Lucía • Galbany, Lluís • García, Federico • Gutiérrez, Claudia P. • Hattori, Takashi • Kawabata, Koji S. • Kravtsov, Timo • Lyman, Joseph D. • Mattila, Seppo • Olivares E., Felipe • Sánchez, Sebastián F. • Van Dyk, Schuyler D.

Abstract • Spectral observations of the type-IIb supernova (SN) 2016gkg at 300-800 days are reported. The spectra show nebular characteristics, revealing emission from the progenitor star's metal-rich core and providing clues to the kinematics and physical conditions of the explosion. The nebular spectra are dominated by emission lines of [O I] λλ6300, 6364 and [Ca II] λλ7292, 7324. Other notable, albeit weaker, emission lines include Mg I] λ4571, [Fe II] λ7155, O I λ7774, Ca II triplet, and a broad, boxy feature at the location of Hα. Unlike in other stripped-envelope SNe, the [O I] doublet is clearly resolved due to the presence of strong narrow components. The doublet shows an unprecedented emission line profile consisting of at least three components for each [O I]λ6300, 6364 line: a broad component (width ∼2000 km s^-1), and a pair of narrow blue and red components (width ∼300 km s^-1) mirrored against the rest velocity. The narrow component appears also in other lines, and is conspicuous in [O I]. This indicates the presence of multiple distinct kinematic components of material at low and high velocities. The low-velocity components are likely to be produced by a dense, slow-moving emitting region near the center, while the broad components are emitted over a larger volume. These observations suggest an asymmetric explosion, supporting the idea of two-component ejecta that influence the resulting late-time spectra and light curves. SN 2016gkg thus presents striking evidence for significant asymmetry in a standard-energy SN explosion. The presence of material at low velocity, which is not predicted in 1D simulations, emphasizes the importance of multidimensional explosion modeling of SNe. * Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO program 0100.D-0341; the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea), programs GS-2017B-Q-65, GS-2018B-FT-107 (Fast Turnaround); and the Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, program S17B-162S.

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Schuyler Van Dyk

Senior Scientist