June
2023
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2023A&A...674A..35G
Authors
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Gaia Collaboration
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Galluccio, L.
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Delbo, M.
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De Angeli, F.
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Pauwels, T.
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Tanga, P.
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Mignard, F.
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Cellino, A.
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Brown, A. G. A.
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Muinonen, K.
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Penttilä, A.
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Jordan, S.
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Vallenari, A.
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Prusti, T.
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de Bruijne, J. H. J.
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Arenou, F.
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Babusiaux, C.
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Biermann, M.
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Creevey, O. L.
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Ducourant, C.
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Evans, D. W.
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Eyer, L.
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Guerra, R.
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Hutton, A.
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Jordi, C.
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Klioner, S. A.
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Lammers, U. L.
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Lindegren, L.
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Luri, X.
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Panem, C.
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Pourbaix, D.
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Randich, S.
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Sartoretti, P.
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Soubiran, C.
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Walton, N. A.
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Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.
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Bastian, U.
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Drimmel, R.
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Jansen, F.
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Katz, D.
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Lattanzi, M. G.
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van Leeuwen, F.
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Bakker, J.
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Cacciari, C.
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Castañeda, J.
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Fabricius, C.
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Fouesneau, M.
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Frémat, Y.
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Guerrier, A.
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Heiter, U.
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Masana, E.
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Messineo, R.
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Mowlavi, N.
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Nicolas, C.
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Nienartowicz, K.
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Pailler, F.
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Panuzzo, P.
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Riclet, F.
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Roux, W.
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Seabroke, G. M.
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Sordo, R.
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Thévenin, F.
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Gracia-Abril, G.
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Portell, J.
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Teyssier, D.
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Altmann, M.
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Andrae, R.
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Audard, M.
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Bellas-Velidis, I.
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Benson, K.
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Berthier, J.
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Blomme, R.
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Burgess, P. W.
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Busonero, D.
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Busso, G.
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Cánovas, H.
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Carry, B.
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Cheek, N.
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Clementini, G.
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Damerdji, Y.
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Davidson, M.
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de Teodoro, P.
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Nuñez Campos, M.
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Delchambre, L.
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Dell'Oro, A.
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Esquej, P.
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Fernández-Hernández, J.
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Fraile, E.
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Garabato, D.
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García-Lario, P.
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Gosset, E.
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Haigron, R.
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Halbwachs, J. -L.
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Hambly, N. C.
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Harrison, D. L.
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Hernández, J.
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Hestroffer, D.
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Hodgkin, S. T.
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Holl, B.
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Janßen, K.
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Jevardat de Fombelle, G.
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Krone-Martins, A.
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Lanzafame, A. C.
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Löffler, W.
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Marchal, O.
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Marrese, P. M.
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Moitinho, A.
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Osborne, P.
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Pancino, E.
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Recio-Blanco, A.
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Reylé, C.
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Riello, M.
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Rimoldini, L.
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Roegiers, T.
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Rybizki, J.
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Sarro, L. M.
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Siopis, C.
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Smith, M.
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Sozzetti, A.
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Utrilla, E.
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van Leeuwen, M.
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Abbas, U.
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Ábrahám, P.
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Abreu Aramburu, A.
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Aerts, C.
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Aguado, J. J.
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Ajaj, M.
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Aldea-Montero, F.
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Altavilla, G.
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Álvarez, M. A.
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Alves, J.
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Anderson, R. I.
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Anglada Varela, E.
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Antoja, T.
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Baines, D.
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Baker, S. G.
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Balaguer-Núñez, L.
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Balbinot, E.
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Balog, Z.
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Barache, C.
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Barbato, D.
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Barros, M.
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Barstow, M. A.
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Bartolomé, S.
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Bassilana, J. -L.
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Bauchet, N.
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Becciani, U.
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Bellazzini, M.
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Berihuete, A.
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Bernet, M.
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Bertone, S.
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Bianchi, L.
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Binnenfeld, A.
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Blanco-Cuaresma, S.
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Boch, T.
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Bombrun, A.
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Bossini, D.
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Bouquillon, S.
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Bragaglia, A.
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Bramante, L.
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Breedt, E.
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Bressan, A.
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Brouillet, N.
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Brugaletta, E.
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Bucciarelli, B.
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Burlacu, A.
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Butkevich, A. G.
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Buzzi, R.
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Caffau, E.
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Cancelliere, R.
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Cantat-Gaudin, T.
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Carballo, R.
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Carlucci, T.
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Carnerero, M. I.
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Carrasco, J. M.
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Casamiquela, L.
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Castellani, M.
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Castro-Ginard, A.
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Chaoul, L.
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Charlot, P.
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Chemin, L.
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Chiaramida, V.
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Chiavassa, A.
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Chornay, N.
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Comoretto, G.
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Contursi, G.
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Cooper, W. J.
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Cornez, T.
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Cowell, S.
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Crifo, F.
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Cropper, M.
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Crosta, M.
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Crowley, C.
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Dafonte, C.
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Dapergolas, A.
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David, P.
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de Laverny, P.
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De Luise, F.
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De March, R.
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De Ridder, J.
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de Souza, R.
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de Torres, A.
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del Peloso, E. F.
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del Pozo, E.
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Delgado, A.
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Delisle, J. -B.
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Demouchy, C.
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Dharmawardena, T. E.
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Diakite, S.
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Diener, C.
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Distefano, E.
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Dolding, C.
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Enke, H.
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Fabre, C.
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Fabrizio, M.
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Faigler, S.
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Fedorets, G.
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Fernique, P.
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Figueras, F.
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Fournier, Y.
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Fouron, C.
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Fragkoudi, F.
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Gai, M.
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Garcia-Gutierrez, A.
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Garcia-Reinaldos, M.
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García-Torres, M.
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Garofalo, A.
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Gavel, A.
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Gavras, P.
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Gerlach, E.
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Geyer, R.
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Giacobbe, P.
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Gilmore, G.
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Girona, S.
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Giuffrida, G.
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Gomel, R.
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Gomez, A.
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González-Núñez, J.
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González-Santamaría, I.
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González-Vidal, J. J.
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Granvik, M.
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Guillout, P.
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Guiraud, J.
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez, R.
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Guy, L. P.
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Hatzidimitriou, D.
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Hauser, M.
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Haywood, M.
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Helmer, A.
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Helmi, A.
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Sarmiento, M. H.
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Hidalgo, S. L.
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Hładczuk, N.
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Hobbs, D.
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Holland, G.
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Huckle, H. E.
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Jardine, K.
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Jasniewicz, G.
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Jean-Antoine Piccolo, A.
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Jiménez-Arranz, Ó.
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Juaristi Campillo, J.
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Julbe, F.
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Karbevska, L.
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Kervella, P.
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Khanna, S.
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Kordopatis, G.
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Korn, A. J.
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Kóspál, Á.
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Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z.
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Kruszyńska, K.
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Kun, M.
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Laizeau, P.
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Lambert, S.
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Lanza, A. F.
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Lasne, Y.
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Le Campion, J. -F.
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Lebreton, Y.
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Lebzelter, T.
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Leccia, S.
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Leclerc, N.
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Lecoeur-Taibi, I.
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Liao, S.
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Licata, E. L.
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Lindstrøm, H. E. P.
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Lister, T. A.
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Livanou, E.
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Lobel, A.
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Lorca, A.
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Loup, C.
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Madrero Pardo, P.
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Magdaleno Romeo, A.
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Managau, S.
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Mann, R. G.
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Manteiga, M.
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Marchant, J. M.
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Marconi, M.
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Marcos, J.
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Marcos Santos, M. M. S.
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Marín Pina, D.
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Marinoni, S.
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Marocco, F.
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Marshall, D. J.
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Martin Polo, L.
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Martín-Fleitas, J. M.
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Marton, G.
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Mary, N.
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Masip, A.
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Massari, D.
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Mastrobuono-Battisti, A.
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Mazeh, T.
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McMillan, P. J.
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Messina, S.
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Michalik, D.
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Millar, N. R.
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Mints, A.
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Molina, D.
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Molinaro, R.
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Molnár, L.
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Monari, G.
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Monguió, M.
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Montegriffo, P.
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Montero, A.
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Mor, R.
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Mora, A.
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Morbidelli, R.
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Morel, T.
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Morris, D.
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Muraveva, T.
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Murphy, C. P.
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Musella, I.
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Nagy, Z.
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Noval, L.
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Ocaña, F.
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Ogden, A.
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Ordenovic, C.
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Osinde, J. O.
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Pagani, C.
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Pagano, I.
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Palaversa, L.
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Palicio, P. A.
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Pallas-Quintela, L.
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Panahi, A.
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Payne-Wardenaar, S.
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Peñalosa Esteller, X.
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Petit, J. -M.
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Pichon, B.
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Piersimoni, A. M.
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Pineau, F. -X.
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Plachy, E.
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Plum, G.
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Poggio, E.
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Prša, A.
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Pulone, L.
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Racero, E.
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Ragaini, S.
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Rainer, M.
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Raiteri, C. M.
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Ramos, P.
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Ramos-Lerate, M.
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Re Fiorentin, P.
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Regibo, S.
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Richards, P. J.
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Rios Diaz, C.
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Ripepi, V.
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Riva, A.
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Rix, H. -W.
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Rixon, G.
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Robichon, N.
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Robin, A. C.
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Robin, C.
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Roelens, M.
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Rogues, H. R. O.
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Rohrbasser, L.
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Romero-Gómez, M.
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Rowell, N.
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Royer, F.
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Ruz Mieres, D.
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Rybicki, K. A.
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Sadowski, G.
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Sáez Núñez, A.
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Sagristà Sellés, A.
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Sahlmann, J.
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Salguero, E.
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Samaras, N.
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Sanchez Gimenez, V.
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Sanna, N.
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Santoveña, R.
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Sarasso, M.
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Schultheis, M.
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Sciacca, E.
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Segol, M.
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Segovia, J. C.
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Ségransan, D.
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Semeux, D.
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Shahaf, S.
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Siddiqui, H. I.
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Siebert, A.
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Siltala, L.
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Silvelo, A.
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Slezak, E.
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Slezak, I.
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Smart, R. L.
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Snaith, O. N.
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Solano, E.
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Solitro, F.
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Souami, D.
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Souchay, J.
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Spagna, A.
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Spina, L.
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Spoto, F.
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Steele, I. A.
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Steidelmüller, H.
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Stephenson, C. A.
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Süveges, M.
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Surdej, J.
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Szabados, L.
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Szegedi-Elek, E.
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Taris, F.
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Taylor, M. B.
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Teixeira, R.
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Tolomei, L.
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Tonello, N.
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Torra, F.
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Torra, J.
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Torralba Elipe, G.
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Trabucchi, M.
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Tsounis, A. T.
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Turon, C.
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Ulla, A.
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Unger, N.
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Vaillant, M. V.
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van Dillen, E.
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van Reeven, W.
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Vanel, O.
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Vecchiato, A.
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Viala, Y.
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Vicente, D.
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Voutsinas, S.
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Weiler, M.
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Wevers, T.
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Wyrzykowski, Ł.
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Yoldas, A.
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Yvard, P.
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Zhao, H.
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Zorec, J.
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Zucker, S.
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Zwitter, T.
Abstract
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Context. The Gaia mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) has been routinely observing Solar System objects (SSOs) since the beginning of its operations in August 2014. The Gaia data release three (DR3) includes, for the first time, the mean reflectance spectra of a selected sample of 60 518 SSOs, primarily asteroids, observed between August 5, 2014, and May 28, 2017. Each reflectance spectrum was derived from measurements obtained by means of the Blue and Red photometers (BP/RP), which were binned in 16 discrete wavelength bands. For every spectrum, the DR3 also contains additional information about the data quality for each band.
Aims: We describe the processing of the Gaia spectral data of SSOs, explaining both the criteria used to select the subset of asteroid spectra published in Gaia DR3, and the different steps of our internal validation procedures. In order to further assess the quality of Gaia SSO reflectance spectra, we carried out external validation against SSO reflectance spectra obtained from ground-based and space-borne telescopes and available in the literature; we present our validation approach.
Methods: For each selected SSO, an epoch reflectance was computed by dividing the calibrated spectrum observed by the BP/RP at each transit on the focal plane by the mean spectrum of a solar analogue. The latter was obtained by averaging the Gaia spectral measurements of a selected sample of stars known to have very similar spectra to that of the Sun. Finally, a mean of the epoch reflectance spectra was calculated in 16 spectral bands for each SSO. Results.Gaia SSO reflectance spectra are in general agreement with those obtained from a ground-based spectroscopic campaign specifically designed to cover the same spectral interval as Gaia and mimic the illumination and observing geometry characterising Gaia SSO observations. In addition, the agreement between Gaia mean reflectance spectra and those available in the literature is good for bright SSOs, regardless of their taxonomic spectral class. We identify an increase in the spectral slope of S-type SSOs with increasing phase angle. Moreover, we show that the spectral slope increases and the depth of the 1 μm absorption band decreases for increasing ages of S-type asteroid families. The latter can be interpreted as proof of progressive ageing of S-type asteroid surfaces due to their exposure to space weathering effects.
This article is dedicated to the memory of Dimitri Pourbaix, who laid the foundations and directed thef Coordination Unit 4 (CU4) of the Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) of the ESA mission Gaia.
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