TESS-Keck Survey. IX. Masses of Three Sub-Neptunes Orbiting HD 191939 and the Discovery of a Warm Jovian plus a Distant Substellar Companion

February 2022 • 2022AJ....163..101L

Authors • Lubin, Jack • Van Zandt, Judah • Holcomb, Rae • Weiss, Lauren M. • Petigura, Erik A. • Robertson, Paul • Akana Murphy, Joseph M. • Scarsdale, Nicholas • Batygin, Konstantin • Polanski, Alex S. • Batalha, Natalie M. • Crossfield, Ian J. M. • Dressing, Courtney • Fulton, Benjamin • Howard, Andrew W. • Huber, Daniel • Isaacson, Howard • Kane, Stephen R. • Roy, Arpita • Beard, Corey • Blunt, Sarah • Chontos, Ashley • Dai, Fei • Dalba, Paul A. • Gary, Kaz • Giacalone, Steven • Hill, Michelle L. • Mayo, Andrew • Močnik, Teo • Kosiarek, Molly R. • Rice, Malena • Rubenzahl, Ryan A. • Latham, David W. • Seager, S. • Winn, Joshua N. • Gary, Kaz

Abstract • Exoplanet systems with multiple transiting planets are natural laboratories for testing planetary astrophysics. One such system is HD 191939 (TOI 1339), a bright (V = 9) and Sun-like (G9V) star, which TESS found to host three transiting planets (b, c, and d). The planets have periods of 9, 29, and 38 days each with similar sizes from 3 to 3.4 R _⊕. To further characterize the system, we measured the radial velocity (RV) of HD 191939 over 415 days with Keck/HIRES and APF/Levy. We find that M _b = 10.4 ± 0.9 M _⊕ and M _c = 7.2 ± 1.4 M _⊕, which are low compared to most known planets of comparable radii. The RVs yield only an upper limit on M _d (<5.8 M _⊕ at 2σ). The RVs further reveal a fourth planet (e) with a minimum mass of 0.34 ± 0.01 M _Jup and an orbital period of 101.4 ± 0.4 days. Despite its nontransiting geometry, secular interactions between planet e and the inner transiting planets indicate that planet e is coplanar with the transiting planets (Δi < 10°). We identify a second high-mass planet (f) with 95% confidence intervals on mass between 2 and 11 M _Jup and period between 1700 and 7200 days, based on a joint analysis of RVs and astrometry from Gaia and Hipparcos. As a bright star hosting multiple planets with well-measured masses, HD 191939 presents many options for comparative planetary astronomy, including characterization with JWST.

Links

• PREPRINT http://arxiv.org/abs/2108.02208
• ELECTR https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fac3d38
• SIMBAD http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbo.pl?bibcode=2022AJ....163..101L
• PDF https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ac3d38/pdf
• DATA http://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/163/101
• DATA https://archive.stsci.edu/mastbibref.php?bibcode=2022AJ....163..101L
• DATA https://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/bibdata/2022/L/2022AJ....163..101L.html